Economic

Mentions

• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": There is no formal economic theory for CED, but there are aspects under two other theories. Regional economics examines spatial disparities within countries under export base theory, location theory and attraction models theory, while economic development theory offers staple theory, big push theory and convergence theory.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": The chapter presents theoretical underpinnings for economic aspects of CED, and proposes that micro-economic theories support linkages of small scale econonmic organizations, linkages in community development. Next two economic rationales for subsidization of CED is presented. Next the fiscal impact of CED is analyzed, finally how individual community residents may or may not choose to participate in collective action.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": Local community efforts in North America date to early 20th centurywarning.pngThe date "early 20th century" was not understood. settler communities, losing their popularity in in the 1950s - 1960swarning.pngThe date "1950s - 1960s" was not understood. due to a surge in capitalism. By the Temporal:1980s, globalization, post-industrialism and neo-liberal policies, promoted market players and supported by government, had deprecated welfare state ideals. Civil society, in forms such as NGOs, CDCs, CD, CED, CDIO, micro-enterprise, micro-lending, PRA, etc emerged in support of local development and empowerment, with an assumption they could support good social services. Successes have included fighting the economic problems of exclusion, and time dollar banks.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": An input-output analysis provides an economic tool for understanding linkages and multipliers, predicting final demand. Multipliers illustrate the importance of forming linkages.
• From Shared Space Chapter 2 - Organizing for complexity: Employment has improved since the 1990swarning.pngThe date "1990s" was not understood., but social programs, in decline since the mid-1970swarning.pngThe date "mid-1970s" was not understood., do not address problems brought on by ongoing unemployment and poverty, as well as new problems, such as lack of benefits or adequate pay for more "flexible" work forces (part time, contract, self employed, minimum wage), and working mothers. This lack of support lead to continued cycles of poverty and lost economic opportunities.
• From MW150121 - Transformed by Community Economic Development.pdf: Southwest Montréal - from an industrial centre to poverty. PEP and RESO successful intervention through citizen engagement: socio-economic partners - organization must be composed of voting | vote | democracy | !democratic | election representatives of different sectors of the community (four from business, four from community based organization | community organization | community based organizations, two union Leader | lead | leading, two associate members known for their influence, board grew to include local institutions, residence and elected municipal officials), committees and forums, AGM; Collaboration: supporting key community projects, economic, employment and recreation tourist plans; employment support and advice to entrepreneur | entrepreneurship, maintain industrial zoning, networking between businesses, workshops for training, secondary school for adults developed with industrial | factory, unions and literacy organizations.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": CED includes gap-filling (discussed in ToRC ch 1), with a local community and economic focus.
• From Shared Space - Chapter 4 - Supporting Sustenance: Safe and clean human habitats comprise the foundation of well being," and are a global social objective based on the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 200, the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements in 1996, and Agenda 21 in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992. Statistics show a lack of proper food, shelter, and clothing in Canada, leading to health, social and economic problems.
• From Shared Space Chapter 2 - Organizing for complexity: Diversity can create unpredictibility, but also creativity and innovation, requiring creative problem solving, learning through innovation. Communities must anticipate change, manage challenge and harness opportunity, while rooted in difficult social and economic contexts.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": CED changes the focus from economic growth and profit, to how wealth is used and distributed, not just including market activities but also private and public spaces, with people prioritized before capital, integrating economic, ecological, political and cultural development aimed towards reclaiming "the community."
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": Technology can be used in transformative strategies. CED may also link economic, social, environmental, political and cultural considerations, departing from the current economic system, and as a way to engage with government.
• From Shared Space - Chapter 3 - Working in the Shared Space: Clusters are areas in the shared space. Like firms in economic clusters, work involved in the communities agenda is in three main tasks - Knowing, doing and reviewing. These depend on an evidence base and collaborative relationships, where possible and appropriate.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Exportable commodities are the basis of export theory, where regional advantages in production and transportation are used, often bolstered through government or external capital subsidies in infrastructure, and the community strengths, such as marketing organizations, credit and transport facilities, are enhanced. Total economic activity is based on exports (basic), with a non-export (non-basic) local economy. Cyclical sensitivities are determined by the elasticity of staples (eg essentials vs luxuries). The community's success is determined by the success of its exports, affected by fall in demand, exhaustion of a natural resource, uncompetitive resource costs or technological change. Transportation development or higher income may result in more (but uneven) export opportunities, bringing new capital.
• From Shared Space - Chapter 3 - Working in the Shared Space: In 2006 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Rural Secretariat launched a national statistical website with free economic and demographic information.
• From MW150113 - CED & Social Economy in Canada - A People's History.pdf: After 1960warning.pngThe date "After 1960" was not understood., infrastructure projects and relocation targetting slow growth areas - strategy didn't work because of top down assumptions, lack of social & economic fundamentals, expectation for quick turn around, lack of involvement of local communities.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": In examining a shift from supportive communities based on kinship and common aims to larger, more impersonal societys based on interlocking economic, political etc interests, the social sciences became preoccupied with the implications of these events.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Cohesiveness may not exist and may need to be created for collective action. An expectation exists that individuals respond to economic disadvantage by seeking gains through the political system. Those who have more to gain, such as job training or employment, are considered more likely to participate. Individuals weigh benefits of participating in collective actions against the costs of participation. Benefits include public and private benefits, personal satisfaction, actualization or entertainment, or concern for others.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Both CED and convergence theory have an inward focus and an emphasis on self-reliance and planned production. Convergence theory, staple theory and big push theory all emphasize linkages. Linkages (forward, backward and final demand) cause economic growth and development. External economies improve the competitive cost and position of an economy through linkages, and enhancement. CED calls for public subsidization for neccesary capital, to avoid external mandates and leakages.