Income

Mentions

• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Staple theory is around diversification of an export base. Its backward linkages measure dependencies in the region - a restaurant purchasing local food and labour. Forward linkages measure output sold to other regional sectors. Demand linkage is a measure of how much investment in regional industry produces goods for consumption, investment or government purhcase by the export sector. clarify Leakage measures income flows leaving a community, for example through migratory workers, external input purchases, or externally owned enterprises. Linkages are multiplied by domestic production, and supply side expansion in labour, capital, entrepeneurship, and complementary input (eg technology).
• From Shared Space Chapter 2 - Organizing for complexity: Understanding complexity is another challenge, "wicked problems". For example, poverty concentration factors include teenage pregnancy, single-parent families, lack of education and poor literacy, higher levels of chronic and mental illness, housing instability, substance abuse, crime, and disproportionate reliance on government income programs.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Exportable commodities are the basis of export theory, where regional advantages in production and transportation are used, often bolstered through government or external capital subsidies in infrastructure, and the community strengths, such as marketing organizations, credit and transport facilities, are enhanced. Total economic activity is based on exports (basic), with a non-export (non-basic) local economy. Cyclical sensitivities are determined by the elasticity of staples (eg essentials vs luxuries). The community's success is determined by the success of its exports, affected by fall in demand, exhaustion of a natural resource, uncompetitive resource costs or technological change. Transportation development or higher income may result in more (but uneven) export opportunities, bringing new capital.
• From MW150113 - CED & Social Economy in Canada - A People's History.pdf: 8000 community based organizations in Québec, in old (resource, factory) and new (social, housing, tourism) services. 120000 people, 7% of provincial income, due to history (eg caisses populaires). Law vs poverty.
• From Shared Space - Chapter 4 - Supporting Sustenance: 3.5 million Canadians have low income and are likely to remain poor for longer periods,in particular groups such as women, Aboriginal Canadians, young single people, recent immigrants and people with disabilities. Canada's income gap has grown to a 30 year high, according to a study comparing the late 1970s to early 2000s"early 2000s" contains an extrinsic dash or other characters that are invalid for a date interpretation.. Urban Poverty in Canada, found a disproportionate number of poor live in metropolitan areas, and Poverty by Postal Code, published in 2004 found substantial rises in poverty in the last 20 years in Toronto.
• From Shared Space Chapter 1 - Reaching for Resilience: The sustenance cluster focuses on decent affordable housing, adequate income, and health.
• From Shared Space - Chapter 3 - Working in the Shared Space: Building knowledge for different interventions requires a focus on different clusters; affordable housing, homeless and income security conforms to sustenance; child care, social networks and literacy to adaptation; recreation, cultural expression or local decision-making to engagement; skills training, employment and asset creation to the opportunities cluster.