Capital

Mentions

• From Shared Space Chapter 1 - Reaching for Resilience: Clusters share and must be supported and sustained by infrastructure - "quality foundations" - which include a skilled and adaptable workforce, education, capital and advanced physical infrastructure.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": The growth-based approach assumes developing local industries to integrate into the larger capitalist economy to bring more prosperity. Ironic concerns arise around societical fragmentation due to adapted CED terms (and related terms, such as "social capital" used like a financial state rather than relationships), and making communites bankable components of the larger capitalist system. Interventions end up serving individuals rather than communities, dismember government, and serve as forms of social control by their definition. The section concludes that this kind of growth is most appropriate in emergencies, with more complex process required under ordinary circumstances.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Staple theory is around diversification of an export base. Its backward linkages measure dependencies in the region - a restaurant purchasing local food and labour. Forward linkages measure output sold to other regional sectors. Demand linkage is a measure of how much investment in regional industry produces goods for consumption, investment or government purhcase by the export sector. clarify Leakage measures income flows leaving a community, for example through migratory workers, external input purchases, or externally owned enterprises. Linkages are multiplied by domestic production, and supply side expansion in labour, capital, entrepeneurship, and complementary input (eg technology).
• From MW150126 - The Political Imperative.pdf: Social economies ( community sector): aim to serve their members/community, instead of just profit; not private or public; democratic and participatory for users and workers; priority to people and employment rather than Capital in the distribution of revenue and surplus; based on principals of participation, empowering | enabling, individual and collective responsibility.
• From Shared Space Chapter 2 - Organizing for complexity: Building Communities from the Inside Out (manual), Development as Freedom, Community Resilience Manual are works focused on assessing assets, vitality, and diversity, and creating sustainable livelihoods. These include capital (natural, built, social, human, financial, cultural), and delve into the specific contributions of members such as young people, people with disabilites, and seniors, focused on skills and contributions of community members.
• From Shared Space - Chapter 4 - Supporting Sustenance: In creating new stock, collaborative work such as the Quality of Life CHALLENGE in BC linked federal, provincial, municipal government, institutions and community groups with the Housing Affordability Partnership. The flow of capital was coordinated, and housing trust funds set up. Total funds leverage 14 times the amount from provincial and federal government. By-law was influenced to join up work, create linkage and scale up efforts.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": Local community efforts in North America date to early 20th century"early 20th century" contains a sequence that could not be interpreted against an available match matrix for date components. settler communities, losing their popularity in in the 1950s - 1960s"1950s - 1960s" contains an extrinsic dash or other characters that are invalid for a date interpretation. due to a surge in capitalism. By the Temporal:1980s, globalization, post-industrialism and neo-liberal policies, promoted market players and supported by government, had deprecated welfare state ideals. Civil society, in forms such as NGOs, CDCs, CD, CED, CDIO, micro-enterprise, micro-lending, PRA, etc emerged in support of local development and empowerment, with an assumption they could support good social services. Successes have included fighting the economic problems of exclusion, and time dollar banks.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": Socio-economic theorists, civil society groups question capitalist imbalances and exclusion, instead favouring democraticization, sharing, cooperation, and ideals that favour collective well-being. Government, NGOs, academics have proposed remedial models: CED (a term mainly used in the West), is one of them.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": The chapter discusses what CED is, whether it can be a solution; the history of local empowerment, how CED has worked, that different definitions and strategies are used. The inconsistent notion of community is discussed. The potential that current CED may counter-productively contribute to neo-liberal capitalism is discussed, with transformative CED, meant to disrupt and challenge, presented as a solution.
• From Concepts: * !Réseau dínvestissement social du Québec - makes capital and loans available, technical assistence
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": CED needs to challenge and transform beyond local geography, to a sense of place (belonging) and global alliances, balancing diversity and unity, state and civil society, holding local leaders accountable and breaking social classes, by demystifying and providing alternatives to capitalist structures, allying itself with movements such as for the environment, peace, women's and gay rights.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": Accellerating, uneven concentration of capital, wealth, power, resources and growth through globalization have marginalized and depressed populations and regions, such as women and unpaid workers.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 2 - Ghorayshi, Gradon, Kliewer "Towards a Social Theory in Community Economic Development: Idealizing Community in the Era of Globalization": CED changes the focus from economic growth and profit, to how wealth is used and distributed, not just including market activities but also private and public spaces, with people prioritized before capital, integrating economic, ecological, political and cultural development aimed towards reclaiming "the community."
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Exportable commodities are the basis of export theory, where regional advantages in production and transportation are used, often bolstered through government or external capital subsidies in infrastructure, and the community strengths, such as marketing organizations, credit and transport facilities, are enhanced. Total economic activity is based on exports (basic), with a non-export (non-basic) local economy. Cyclical sensitivities are determined by the elasticity of staples (eg essentials vs luxuries). The community's success is determined by the success of its exports, affected by fall in demand, exhaustion of a natural resource, uncompetitive resource costs or technological change. Transportation development or higher income may result in more (but uneven) export opportunities, bringing new capital.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Export base theory relates to CED in terms of external economies and the role of capital, and their complications. Export base theory is contrary to CED literature which advocates inward-focused community or convergence approaches, where domestic production is oriented towards the needs of the community first.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": A cost-benefit analysis illustrates that financially un-viable projects may be socially viable if the market does not consider the true costs and benefits, including employment at below market costs. Shadow prices are subsituted, as well as to land and unemployed capital.
• From Transforming or Reforming Capitalism - Chapter 3 - Lamb "Towards an Economic Theory of Community Economic Development": Both CED and convergence theory have an inward focus and an emphasis on self-reliance and planned production. Convergence theory, staple theory and big push theory all emphasize linkages. Linkages (forward, backward and final demand) cause economic growth and development. External economies improve the competitive cost and position of an economy through linkages, and enhancement. CED calls for public subsidization for neccesary capital, to avoid external mandates and leakages.
• From Shared Space - Chapter 4 - Supporting Sustenance: Non profit or social housing are often confronted with 'not in my backyard' syndrome, which can be countered by levering financial capital for community economic development.
• From Shared Space Chapter 2 - Organizing for complexity: New forms of measurement focus on broad capital assets, including the National Roundtable on the Environment and the Economy, GPI, and Canadian Index of Well-Being. The mapping of these assets is key methodology to identify obvious and latent strengths.